Tetraodontidae

Pufferfish are generally slow swimmers, relying on their inflation defense rather than speed to avoid predators. They are curious and often territorial, patrolling small home ranges in coral reefs, seagrass beds, or coastal waters. Some species are known for their problem-solving ability and complex behaviors.

Breeding varies by species, but many pufferfish engage in courtship rituals involving displays or nest building. Males of certain species, such as the Japanese pufferfish, create intricate geometric sand patterns to attract females. Eggs are often laid in shallow areas, and in some species, males guard the nest until hatching.

Pufferfish have a unique set of four fused teeth forming a beak-like structure used to crush shells of mollusks and crustaceans. Their inflation ability is achieved by rapidly ingesting water (or air when on land). Many species have bright coloration that warns predators of their toxicity.

Pufferfish have long been a part of human culture, especially in Asia, where certain species are consumed as the delicacy fugu—prepared only by licensed chefs due to its potential toxicity. They are widely distributed across tropical and subtropical oceans, with fossil records dating back millions of years.

Most pufferfish species are not endangered, though some face pressures from habitat loss, overfishing, and pollution. Coastal development and coral reef degradation continue to threaten certain populations. Conservation measures focus on protecting marine habitats and regulating fishing practices.