Canis lupus

Wolves are highly social animals that live in structured family units called packs, typically consisting of 6 to 10 members, though some packs can be larger. A pack is led by an alpha male and female, which are usually the only members to breed. Packs utilize sophisticated hunting strategies to catch prey, which includes large ungulates such as deer, elk, and moose. Wolves communicate through a variety of vocalizations, body postures, and scents. Their howls, which can be heard over vast distances, serve multiple purposes, including gathering the pack, signaling territory boundaries, and communicating with other packs.

Wolves breed once a year, usually in late winter. After a gestation period of about 63 days, the female gives birth to a litter of 4 to 6 pups, though the number can vary. Pups are born blind and deaf, completely dependent on their mother and the rest of the pack for protection and food. Wolves demonstrate strong parental care, with both parents and other pack members contributing to the upbringing of the pups.

Adult wolves typically weigh between 50 to 130 pounds (23 to 59 kg), depending on their geographic location, with males being larger than females. They have dense fur that can vary in color from pure white to black, though most wolves have a mix of gray and brown with buffy facial markings and undersides. Wolves have powerful jaws, long legs, and large feet, adaptations that enable them to travel long distances, often up to 12 miles (20 kilometers) in a single day, in search of food.

Wolves once had one of the world's most extensive ranges among land mammals, but their territory and numbers have been significantly reduced due to habitat loss, human encroachment, and hunting. In many cultures, wolves have been the subject of mythology and folklore, often depicted as symbols of wilderness and freedom, as well as figures of fear.

The wolf's conservation status varies by region but is generally classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), thanks to stable populations in wilderness areas. However, some subspecies are endangered and face threats from habitat destruction and persecution. Conservation efforts include legal protection, habitat restoration, and the reintroduction of wolves into suitable wild areas from which they had been eradicated. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the United States, for example, has been a significant conservation success story, demonstrating the wolf's critical role in ecosystem management and the cascading effects on biodiversity.